UN climate negotiators have locked horns on the final day of talks in Doha to halt the march of global warming, deeply divided on funding for poor countries and extending the greenhouse gas-curbing Kyoto Protocol.
Delegates knuckled down for a late night of final haggling to find consensus on an interim plan to rein in climate change and smooth the way to a new deal that must enter into force in 2020.
Funding to help poor countries deal with the fallout from global warming and convert to planet-friendlier energy sources remained a key sticking point between negotiators from nearly 200 countries gathered in the Qatari capital.
"We cannot close the (negotiations) without... finance," Gambian negotiator Pa Ousman Jarju told a late-afternoon press conference.
"We cannot leave here with a financing cut."
Developed countries are being pressed to show how they intend to keep a promise to raise climate funding for poorer nations to $US100 billion ($96 million) per year by 2020 - up from a total of $US30 billion in 2010-2012.
Developing countries say they need at least another $US60 billion between now and 2015, starting with $US20 billion from next year, to deal with increased droughts, floods, rising sea levels and storms.
But the United States and European Union have refused to put concrete figures on the table for 2013-2020 funding, citing tough financial times.
"The EU cannot accept a text that includes a commitment to $60 billion in public money in 2015 considering the budget constraints that we face," French development minister Pascal Canfin told journalists.
Also in dispute is "hot air," the name given to Earth-warming greenhouse gas emission quotas that countries were given under the first leg of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol and did not use - some 13 billion tonnes in total.
The credits can be sold to nations battling to meet their own quotas, meaning greenhouse gas levels decrease on paper but not in the atmosphere.
Poland and Russia emitted much less than their lenient limits, and insisted in Doha on being allowed to bank the difference beyond 2012 - a move most other parties vehemently oppose.
Agreement on hot air is key to the Doha delegates extending the life of the Kyoto pact, whose first leg expires on December 31.
The protocol is the world's only binding pact on curbing greenhouse gases, but it locks in only developed nations and excludes major developing polluters such as China and India, as well as the United States, which refused to ratify it.
A new 2020 deal, due to be finalised by 2015, will include commitments for all the nations of the world.
The duration of an interim "second commitment period" of Kyoto is also in contention.
"I understand that every party may not be fully satisfied with the individual outcomes that you are considering," conference president Abdullah bin Hamad Al-Attiyah of Qatar told delegates.
"I would like to ask you not to see any of these in isolation but rather consider them all part of an overall, balanced package that allows Doha to be a gateway to increased climate action."
NGOs and delegates have expressed frustration at the pace of negotiations that coincided with a slew of fresh scientific warnings that Earth faces a calamitous future of more frequent extreme weather events.
"This is about human survival," Greenpeace chief executive Kumi Naidoo said in the final hours of the talks.
The Philippines urged bickering climate negotiators Thursday to take heed from the deadly typhoon that struck the archipelago this week and wake up to the realities of global warming.
"As we sit here, every single hour, even as we vacillate and procrastinate here, the death toll is rising," said climate envoy Naderev Sano.
But France's Canfin said the talks could still drag out.
"We have not advanced much since this morning."
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